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Mam (Lucas) Mask

TITLE: Mam (Lucas) Mask
TYPE: face mask
GENERAL REGION: Latin America
COUNTRY: Guatemala
SUBREGION: Baja Verapaz
ETHNICITY: Mayan (Achí)
DESCRIPTION: Mam (Old Man) Mask of Lucas
CATALOG #: LAGT010
MAKER: Juan Chen Ordóñez (Rabinal, 1926-2017)
CEREMONY: Baile de los Costeños (Baile del Costeño)
AGE: 1990
MAIN MATERIAL: wood
OTHER MATERIALS: dyed agave fiber hair; oil-based paint

Baja Verapaz, Guatemala, has numerous masked folk dances. Among them is the Baile del Costeño, sometimes called the Baile de los Costeños (Dance of the Coastal People), which is an early colonial dance-drama. The dance usually has 12 characters, divided into four buyers have come inland to exchange cocoa for cattle (maxeños, or cargadores), and six sellers of cattle, who are cowboys. The buyers are Cristóbal (the boss), Pablo (1st buyer, in a red mask), Ratón (2nd buyer, in a black mask), Mundo (3rd buyer). The vaqueros are Pascual (the boss), Tomás, Gaspar, Juan, Lucas (Mam, in a red mask with whiskers), and El Torito. Except for Lucas, the vaqueros wear flesh-colored masks with blue chins and gold eyebrows. There are also three more characters: La Panchita (wife of Lucas), El Torito, and El Miquito.  Several of these names are evocative of comical characteristics of the dances. Ratón means “Mouse,” Mundo means World, La Panchita means “The Little Stomach.” The dancers are accompanied by music from three marimba players.

In the drama, the sellers arrive in Rabinal during a holiday to unload their cattle for cocoa. They bring with them a beautiful woman, La Panchita, who is the wife of Lucas (represented by this mask), an old man. The cowboys have brought with them a little bull (El Torito) and the buyers have a little monkey (El Miquito), and together they have a mock bullfight for fun. Meanwhile, La Panchita has prepared food for the group, and soon the buyers, who have become drunk, start bothering La Panchita. Lucas then fights them off with a whip (chilío). Nonetheless, La Panchita shows some favor to the third buyer (Mundo), who has the group’s money. The dance ends when the leaders of each group, Cristóbal and Pascual, bargain to exchange the cocoa and cattle (symbolized by El Torito). The bull is branded by the buyers, and then they return to having a bullfight. At this point, they tell the story they have enacted in speeches, and then take their leave of the marimba players, thus ending the dance-drama. The whole proceeding takes about two to two-and-a-half hours.

For more on Guatemalan masks, see Jim Pieper, Guatemala’s Masks and Drama (University of New Mexico Press, 2006).

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Bedouin Niqab and Headcover

TITLE: Bedouin Niqab and Headcover
TYPE: face veil; head cover
GENERAL REGION: Middle East
COUNTRY: Egypt
SUBREGION: Siwa Oasis
ETHNICITY: Berber
DESCRIPTION: Berber Bedouin Woman’s Niqab (Veil Mask) and Head Covering
CATALOG #: MEEG003
MAKER: Unknown
FUNCTION: celebration; social control
AGE: ca. 1970s
MAIN MATERIAL: wool cloth
OTHER MATERIALS: metal chains; silver coins; silver ornaments; semi-precious stones; stitching

In the western desert of Egypt, Berber women living in Bedouin societies sometimes wear masks or veils called niqab. The veils serve multiple functions, including protecting the women’s face from sun damage, filtering dust from the air, displaying adornment, and demonstrating wealth or status. The veil may also allow men to exercise social control over women’s bodies, maintaining their status as proprietary to fathers and husbands.  Not all Bedouian societies use the niqab, but those that do generally begin the practice after the woman or girl has been married.

The niqab worn by Bedouin women on special occasions are sometimes elaborately decorated with coins and beads, like this one.  Such masks are not for everyday use; they would be too hot and heavy. They are worn during special events, such as weddings and feasts.  This one comes from the Berber people in the Siwa Oasis, in the western Egyptian desert.

This set was obtained by the Museum through a generous anonymous donation.

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Tiger Mask

TITLE: Tiger Mask
TYPE: face mask
GENERAL REGION: Latin America
COUNTRY: Guatemala
SUBREGION: Sacatepéquez
ETHNICITY: Mayan (Kaqchikel)
DESCRIPTION: Tigre (Tiger) Mask
CATALOG #: LAGT006
MAKER: Dolores Pérez Martínez (San Antonio Aguas Calientes, 1932-2021)
CEREMONY: Baile de los Animalitos
AGE: 2006
MAIN MATERIAL: wood
OTHER MATERIALS: oil-based paint; elastic straps

The Baile de los Animalitos (Dance of the Little Animals), also called the Baile de los Animales, is an annual ceremony in several cities of central and southern Guatemala, usually during a holiday in honor of the town’s patron saint. The dance involves an angel, a hunter, and many different kinds of animals, including the jaguar (sometimes represented by a tiger, as here).  The dance probably predates the Spanish conquest, and involves many speeches by the animals relating to their characteristics, their role in the ecosystem, and (since colonization) their anomalous praise of the Virgin Mary. The hunter no longer hunts the animals in the modern rendition. After the speeches, they all dance to a marimba band.

For more on Guatemalan masks, see Jim Pieper, Guatemala’s Masks and Drama (University of New Mexico Press, 2006).

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Quiché Achí Mask

TITLE: Quiché Achí Mask
TYPE: face mask
GENERAL REGION: Latin America
COUNTRY: Guatemala
SUBREGION: Baja Verapaz
ETHNICITY: Mayan (Achí)
DESCRIPTION: Quiché Achí Mask
CATALOG #: LAGT001
MAKER: Ezequiel Chen Zarpéc (Rabinal, 1950- )
CEREMONY: Xajoj Tun (Rabinal Achí)
AGE: 2021
MAIN MATERIAL: wood
OTHER MATERIALS: oil-based paint; elastic straps

The Xajoj Tun (Dance of the Drum), also called the Rabinal Achí, is a dance-drama exclusive to Rabinal, Baja Verapaz. It is performed on January 17-26 every year during the patron saint holiday, and represents a story from pre-Catholic Mayan culture. It begins with a blessing on the dancers, masks, and musical instruments, followed by prayer to the ancestors and characters represented to ask for permission to perform the play. Prayers are also made at local churches. The drama is set in the Mayan Kaiyub’ fortress and relates the tale of a K’iché warrior captured and sentenced to death by the royal court. The play begins with the capture of a K’iché warrior (the Quiché Achí, represented by this mask), whose army has invaded Rabinaleb, by the Rabinal Achí. He is taken to the royal court, where he is sentenced to die as a sacrifice to the gods. The Rabinal Achí tells the prisoner he will be spared death if he prostrates himself, but the Quiché Achí refuses. He makes many requests, all of which are granted, but he also asks for 260 days and nights to say farewell to his K’iché homeland. He receives no response, but leaves anyway. When he returns, the Rabinal Achí ties him to a tree, and eagle and jaguar warriors dance around him and throw spears at him until he dies.

The drama is accompanied by music from two trumpets, a flute, and a wooden drum. In addition, three copper plates are struck at the end of each dialogue.  Nine days after the conclusion of the performance, another ceremony is performed at the house of the director, to give thanks.

For more on Guatemalan masks, see Jim Pieper, Guatemala’s Masks and Drama (University of New Mexico Press, 2006).

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Moor Mask

TITLE: Moor Mask
TYPE: face mask
GENERAL REGION: Latin America
COUNTRY: Guatemala
SUBREGION: Sacatepéquez
ETHNICITY: Mayan (Kaqchikel)
DESCRIPTION: Moro (Moor) Mask
CATALOG #: LAGT036
MAKER: Juan Sinay (San Antonio Aguas Calientes, 1867-1957)
CEREMONY: Baile del Torito
AGE: 1897
MAIN MATERIAL: wood
OTHER MATERIALS: oil-based paint; hardware repairs

The Baile de lor Moros y Cristianos (Dance of the Moors and Christians), also sometimes called the Danza de la Conquista, is an annual ceremony in several cities of Guatemala, usually during a holiday in honor of the town’s patron saint. The dance tells the story of the reconquest of the Spain from the Moors in 1492. In the dance, one character represents the Moorish king, another the queen, and a third the Christian king. In addition, one or more Moorish soldiers are represented, as well as an angel in some versions. After a ritual battle, the Moors are vanquished or converted to Catholicism.

For more on Guatemalan masks, see Jim Pieper, Guatemala’s Masks and Drama (University of New Mexico Press, 2006).

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Conquista Malinche

TITLE: Conquista Malinche
TYPE: face mask
GENERAL REGION: Latin America
COUNTRY: Guatemala
SUBREGION: Totonicapán
ETHNICITY: Mayan (K’iché)
DESCRIPTION: Malinche Mask
CATALOG #: LAGT002
MAKER: José Alejandro Tistoj Mazariegos (San Cristóbal Totonicapán,, 1904-1985)
CEREMONY: Danza de la Conquista
AGE: 1965
MAIN MATERIAL: wood
OTHER MATERIALS: paint; German glass doll eyes; wood putty

The Danza de la Conquista (Dance of the Conquest), also sometimes called the Baile de Cortès (Dance of Hernán Cortez), is a ceremony performed in many parts of Guatemala, as well as Mexico and other parts of Central and South America. In Guatemala, the dance is supposed to tell the story of the conquest of the Mayan Empires, led by Tecu Uman, by the Spanish conquistadors, led by Pedro de Alvarado or Hernán Cortez. The dance involves a complex set of speeches and songs and, in many places, takes several hours to complete, often in two or three separate acts. In San Cristóbal Totonicapán, the Spaniards are led by Alvarado and come with a disciplined army. They are aided by two female characters, one of whom represents Malinche (called Doña Marina by the Spaniards), an Aztec princess who served as Cortez’s translator. Malinche and the other female were formally played by men in masks such as this one, but today they are primarily played by ummasked young girls, who sing periodically. The Mayan war council is advised by a shaman known as the ajitz, who helps but whose prophecies of Spanish conquest are ignored. In addition, an Aztec renegade assists the Mayans. After many speeches, discussions, songs, and melee battles, the Mayans are ultimately conquered and converted to Catholicism.

For more on Guatemalan masks, see Jim Pieper, Guatemala’s Masks and Drama (University of New Mexico Press, 2006).

This mask is from the second kind, and represents Malinche (properly, Malinalli), a noble Aztec maiden sold into slavery by her mother to the Mayans, then resold to the conquistador Hernán Cortés along with other girls. When he discovered Malinche spoke Nahuatl as well as Mayan, he used her as an interpreter in making the alliances with local peoples that ultimately led to the subjugation of all of Mexico. She and Cortés eventually became lovers, and she bore a son for him, but when Cortés’ wife arrived in Mexico, he married her off to another Spaniard.

The indigenous view of Malinche is mixed. Some view her as a heroine who helped turn Mexico to Catholicism, while others view her as a betrayer.  Either way, she plays an important role in the dance retelling the conquest of Mexico.

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Huehuecho Mask

TITLE: Huehuecho Mask
TYPE: face mask
GENERAL REGION: Latin America
COUNTRY: Guatemala
SUBREGION: Baja Verapaz
ETHNICITY: Mayan (Achí)
DESCRIPTION: Huehuecho (Goiter) mask
CATALOG ID: LAGT012
MAKER: Ezequiel Chen Zarpéc (Rabinal, 1950- )
CEREMONY: Baile de los Huehuechos (Güegüechos)
AGE: 2021
MAIN MATERIAL: wood
OTHER MATERIALS: oil-based paint

The Baile de los Huehuechos (sometimes spelled Güegüechos) is one of several pre-Christian masked dances of the Rabinal region of Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. In the Achí dialect, a güegüecho is a goiter. The dance is also sometimes called the Danza de la Patzca (Dance of the Rags), and it is normally danced in Rabinal during the celebration of Corpus Christi. The dance originally was dedicated to the Mayan god of rain, Jun Toj, to guarantee the conditions for a good harvest. Its characters consist of four men with gigantic goiters (like this mask), four with small goiters carrying pilgrim staves, and a woman named Aj Muy. They frequently cry out “jakorik ka petn chic,” which in Achí means: “May the frost come to me.”

For more on Guatemalan masks, see Jim Pieper, Guatemala’s Masks and Drama (University of New Mexico Press, 2006).

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Conquistador (Spaniard) Mask

TITLE: Conquistador (Spaniard) Mask
TYPE: face mask
GENERAL REGION: Latin America
COUNTRY: Guatemala
SUBREGION: El Quiché
ETHNICITY: Mayan (K’ich’e)
DESCRIPTION: Conquistador (Español) Mask
CATALOG #: LAGT013
MAKER: Unknown maker in Santa Cruz del Quiché
CEREMONY: Baile de la Conquista
AGE: 1970s
MAIN MATERIAL: wood
OTHER MATERIALS: oil-based paint; glass eyes; burlap; adhesive

The Baile de la Conquista, or Dance of the Conquest, is performed throughout Guatemala, usually on a town’s patron saint holiday. It retells the story of the conquest of the Americas by the Spaniards, led by Hernán Cortés, who eventually became the governor of “New Spain.” In the story, Cortés brings a small army of Spaniards, allied with various indigenous tribes and assisted by a native woman known as Malinche, to subdue and convert the Mayans, who are led by Tecu Uman and assisted by the prophecies of an ajitz, or shaman. Although there are mock battles between the Mayans and Spaniards in most performances, different towns have different versions of the story, with some ending in the conquest and conversion of the Mayans, and others telling a revisionist tale of the capture and surrender of the Spaniards.

For more on Guatemalan masks, see Jim Pieper, Guatemala’s Masks and Drama (University of New Mexico Press, 2006).

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Caporal / Negrito Mask

TITLE: Caporal / Negrito Mask
TYPE: face mask
GENERAL REGION: Latin America
COUNTRY: Guatemala
SUBREGION: Sacatepéquez
ETHNICITY: Mayan (Kaqchikel)
DESCRIPTION: Caporal (Foreman) Mask in the form of a Negrito (black man)
CATALOG #: LAGT022
MAKER: Guadalupe Sinay (San Antonio Aguas Calientes, 1913-2005)
CEREMONY: Baile del Torito
AGE: ca. 1950
MAIN MATERIAL: wood
OTHER MATERIALS: oil-based paint; plastic straps

The Baile del Torito (Dance of the Little Bull), also called the Danza del Torito, is an annual ceremony in several cities of central and southern Guatemala, usually during a holiday in honor of the town’s patron saint. The dance is accompanied by music from a marimba band.

The dance dates back to the 17th century. It tells the story of a cattle ranch in which the caporal or mayordomo (foreman) prohibits the vaqueros (cowboys) to interact with a bull like this one. The cowboys get the foreman drunk and perform bullfights. Eventually, a bull kills the foreman and the dance ends.

The dance frequently begins before sunrise and lasts for up to 12 hours. It may be performed for many days, sometimes over a week. Depending on the size of the town, there may be only one or several bulls and caporales, and up to 50 vaqueros. In some towns, such as Chichicastenango, there is both a white caporal and a black one. In other towns, such as San Antonio Aguas Calientes, there is only one caporal, who is black.

The costume of the vaquero is brightly colored and elaborate, with a hat sporting thick clusters of dyed ostrich feathers. In some towns, the vaquero carries a cape and maraca (rattle). The players of each character are chosen through Mayan rituals and are blessed by an Ai-lj (Mayan priest) before the dance.

For more on Guatemalan masks, see Jim Pieper, Guatemala’s Masks and Drama (University of New Mexico Press, 2006).

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Bärentreiber (?) Mask

TITLE: Bärentreiber (?) Mask
TYPE: face mask
GENERAL REGION: Europe
COUNTRY: Germany
ETHNICITY: German (Bavarian)
DESCRIPTION: Mask of an older man, possibly a Bärentreiber (Bear Tamer)
CATALOG #: EUDE017
MAKER: Hans Guggemoos (Garmisch-Partenkirchen)
CEREMONY: Fasnacht (Carnival)
AGE: ca. 1960s
MAIN MATERIAL: cedar wood
OTHER MATERIALS: paint

Fasching or Fasnacht is the Tyrolean carnival.  In many towns in Austria, southern Germany, Switzerland, and northern Italy, local folk don elaborate masks and costumes to parade through the town. Different towns have variations on the parade, such as the Schemenlaufen of Imst, the Schellerlaufen of Nassereith, and the Muller and Matschgerer of Innsbruck, Austria.

The characters include young and old personalities alike. This mask might represent the Bärentreiber, a mature man who tames a bear (which he keeps on a chain or rope in the Carnival parade). This character is sometimes seen in the Fasnacht parades. It is signed with the initials of the maker on the back, CH.

Regrettably, the best texts on Carnival in Bavaria and Swabia are still available in German only: Heinz Wintermantel’s Hoorig, hoorig isch die Katz (Würzburg: Konrad Theiss, 1978) and Dick Eckert’s Die Werdenfelser Fasnacht und ihre Larven (Volk Verlag München, 2015).

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